The stances below are c8alpha's editorial distillation of Adam Johnson's public commentary — television, podcasts, and interviews — compiled by automated transcript analysis and dated to the episode they came from. They may lag the speaker's current view and may contain extraction errors. Text in quotation marks is verbatim from the episode; everything else is our paraphrase. Adam Johnson is not affiliated with c8alpha and has not endorsed this page. Nothing here is investment advice.
Raw direction-aware returns on public statements — long calls credited when the price rose, shorts when it fell, shorts capped at −100% — in a rising market this mostly measures who was long, not who has skill. Returns run from the stance date; calls are rarely closed publicly, so fixed 90-day / 180-day / 1-year horizons are used. A horizon shows only once it has fully matured, and only at 5+ scored stances. “% correct” is the share of those scored calls whose direction-aware return was positive at the horizon — in a rising market a bullish call is correct by default, so read it beside the market, not alone.
Every tracked call with at least one matured horizon: the rows behind the Returns
line above. A dash is a horizon that has not matured yet.
2026-10-29
ARES
owns
Fox Business (uncut) · uncut_tv
Private credit fears proved unfounded, Ares just closed another $5B fund showing strong demand, yet the stock trades at only 17x earnings while growing earnings 25% and yields nearly 5% after a 40% drawdown from highs
“I'm very happy to own Ares. And they reported this morning, and you can see the stock's up”
Fox Business uncut 2026-10-29 11:26 ET (5 min)
2026-10-29
AMZN
bullish
Fox Business (uncut) · uncut_tv
National Retail Federation forecasts record holiday spending above $1 trillion (up 4.2%) and strong personal income/spending data support a strong Amazon earnings print after the bell
“I think actually we're going to get a good number from Amazon”
Fox Business uncut 2026-10-29 11:06 ET (5 min)
2026-10-22
APLD
bullish
Fox Business (uncut) · uncut_tv
Applied Digital's data-center capacity is expected to quadruple over three years, while pricing power should support its debt load, making the stock attractive near the bottom of its recurring $20-to-$40 range.
“It's back at the point where you buy it. Get it at 20.”
Fox Business uncut 2026-10-22 11:22 ET (5 min)
Said again: 2026-10-22 (Fox Business (uncut))
2026-10-22
SPACEX
bullish
Fox Business (uncut) · uncut_tv
SpaceX revenue is on track to grow from $25B to potentially $250B by 2028, and the company is now monetizing excess data center capacity — making it an even larger version of the data center thesis behind his Applied Digital position, trading at a reasonable…
“SpaceX is growing a lot faster than I thought that it could”
Varney & Company — 2026-10-22 (Fox Business, full episode, ads cut)
2026-10-22
META
bullish
Fox Business (uncut) · uncut_tv
Meta's debt issuance to fund capex is being misread by a market that has conflated corporate debt with insolvency risk — Meta is highly profitable and can easily afford it
“as if to think that Meta is going out of business. Are you kidding me?”
Varney & Company — 2026-10-22 (Fox Business, full episode, ads cut)
2026-10-16
NVDA
owns
Yahoo Finance · video
Nvidia's durable competitive advantage is iterating a single core product—faster, more efficient chips—that the world perpetually demands, making it the fund's largest single position
“my Nvidia, which is a 4 or 5% position, is going to pay for all the other stuff”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2026-10-16
AUR
bullish
Yahoo Finance · video
Aurora is already running hundreds of driverless trucks commercially across Texas and Oklahoma weekly, proving the technology works at scale, and the stock at $5 significantly undervalues its long-term potential
“Aurora...is now running several hundred driverless trucks across Texas and Oklahoma every week...trades at five bucks...one day it'll be 20”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2026-10-16
TSLA
owns
Yahoo Finance · video
Tesla's Optimus humanoid robot program—targeting 1 million units at $50K with $20K profit each—would generate $20B in net income, exceeding Tesla's best-ever EV year and transforming it into a robotics company
“I only recently bought Tesla...not because of EVs, not because of rocket cars, but because of the robots”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2026-10-16
CRM
bullish
Yahoo Finance · video
Salesforce is a core holding for CRM and is among the software companies becoming AI use-case beneficiaries rather than being displaced—the market's black-or-white 'AI kills software' narrative was an overreaction
“they're going to become use cases as we're starting to see, especially at Intuit and Salesforce”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2026-10-16
PANW
bullish
Yahoo Finance · video
Palo Alto Networks is a core must-own position because cybersecurity is a non-discretionary structural growth market, similar to the AI-era infrastructure theme running through the portfolio
“I would add to that Palo Alto Networks for cybersecurity”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2026-10-16
JOBY
bullish
Yahoo Finance · video
Joby Aviation is building an electric air taxi that carries five passengers from city centers to airports in 11 minutes for $75—the Uber of the sky—with infrastructure already in place and commercial operations imminent
“I think they'll be the Uber of the sky...I have never sold a share. I don't intend to.”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2026-10-16
CRWV
owns
Yahoo Finance · video
CoreWeave's debt is secured by long-term customer commitments (analogous to Cheniere's LNG pre-sales), the weighted average cost of debt is only 8.4% despite headlines about secondary market yields, and insider selling is routine diversification rather than a…
“I bought more Coreweave yesterday”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2026-10-16
AAPL
bullish
Yahoo Finance · video
Apple built an enormously profitable services business (~1/3 of revenues) on top of its installed hardware base without over-leveraging on capex, making it the top-performing large-cap tech stock year-to-date and a must-own core holding
“Oh, yeah, you have to. It's what I call core ingenuity.”
Tesla’s flying Roadster vs. Optimus robots: What really matters for Tesla
2025-07-28
NVDA
bullish
Wealthion · video
Nvidia is the dominant AI chip price maker with EPS growing from ~$5 to ~$6, supporting a $240 next target at a 40x multiple as every AI application—from autonomous trucks to data centers—requires its chips
“6 times 40 is 240. There you go. There's my next target.”
90d +8.3% · 180d +5.5% · 1y +11.6%
The Next Big AI Boom: Adam Johnson’s Bullish Case for U.S. Stocks
2025-07-28
SYM
bullish
Wealthion · video
Symbotic is automating all 47 of Walmart's distribution facilities into near-fully robotic operations, providing durable, contracted revenue growth in warehouse automation with proven results since purchase
“automating all 47 of Walmart's distribution facilities, making them almost completely robotic”
90d +33.2% · 180d +12.0% · 1y -20.2%
The Next Big AI Boom: Adam Johnson’s Bullish Case for U.S. Stocks
2025-07-28
AUR
bullish
Wealthion · video
Aurora Innovation's asset-light AI guidance system for autonomous 18-wheelers targets 5% of the $1 trillion trucking market by 2030, implying ~$50B in revenue against a current $6 stock price
“Aurora is a $6 stock today. So, that's one that could go a long way.”
90d -16.1% · 180d -29.6% · 1y -1.1%
The Next Big AI Boom: Adam Johnson’s Bullish Case for U.S. Stocks
2025-07-28
TSLA
bullish
Wealthion · video
Tesla's Optimus humanoid robot at 1 million units per year by 2028 at $30K gross profit per unit generates $30B in profit—double its best EV year—reframing it as an AI and robotics company worth double the current price
“I no longer think of it as an EV company. I think of it as an AI and robotics company”
90d +39.0% · 180d +33.7% · 1y -5.6%
The Next Big AI Boom: Adam Johnson’s Bullish Case for U.S. Stocks
2025-07-28
GXO
bullish
Wealthion · video
GXO Logistics is one of only two dominant warehousing automation companies in the US, positioning it to capture the AI-driven robotics transformation of supply chains
“those are really the two number one automation stocks...in this country”
90d +4.6% · 180d +9.1% · 1y +2.0%
The Next Big AI Boom: Adam Johnson’s Bullish Case for U.S. Stocks
2025-07-28
GEV
bullish
Wealthion · video
GE Vernova's repurposed jet-engine turbines running on natural gas provide scalable on-site power generation for AI data centers, making it a direct beneficiary of surging electricity demand from the AI buildout
“you install one of those generators at your plant...suddenly you're creating electricity. You're a utility on site.”
90d -9.7% · 180d +2.9% · 1y +46.0%
The Next Big AI Boom: Adam Johnson’s Bullish Case for U.S. Stocks
2025-03-18
long Big Tech / long GEV / long CRM
basket
Wealthion · video
Owning all three layers of the AI stack — mega-cap platform builders, infrastructure enablers, and vertical use-case software — is necessary because each layer captures a different portion of the AI value chain and they are not interchangeable
“you have to own the big guys the mag seven, you have to own the infrastructure, and you have to own the use cases”
90d +20.2% · 180d +36.6% · 1y +55.4%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
COIN
bullish
Wealthion · video
Coinbase is the essential backbone infrastructure for institutional crypto — used by BlackRock and Citadel for trading, custody, and FX conversion — making it best-in-breed regardless of which coins or regulations prevail
“it's now part of the essential infrastructure the crypto infrastructure in this country it's the backbone for all of black rock's institutional clients who trade crypto”
90d +44.4% · 180d +80.5% · 1y +11.7%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
NVDA
bullish
Wealthion · video
Nvidia briefly traded cheaper than the S&P 500 (~20x earnings) despite 60-70% earnings growth vs 10-12% for the index, making the dip a compelling buy for the AI leader
“when you see a company like Nvidia trading cheaper than the market with five six seven times the growth, you buy it”
90d +25.4% · 180d +54.0% · 1y +56.3%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
SMCI
bullish
Wealthion · video
Super Micro assembles complete AI server arrays and trades at ~12x earnings with 70% growth guidance after the short-seller that alleged accounting fraud went out of business and management was cleared by an independent party
“that stock trades at 15 times earnings with 70% growth based upon the most recent guidance”
90d +15.3% · 180d +19.7% · 1y -19.9%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
SYM
bullish
Wealthion · video
Symbotic is robotizing all 47 of Walmart's distribution centers and will then automate Walmart stores, providing a durable long-term growth runway alongside a tradeable $20-$40 range
“when it gets to 20 you buy it when it goes to 40 you sell it”
90d +54.6% · 180d +144.8% · 1y +138.5%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
CLS
bullish
Wealthion · video
Celestica builds AI platforms for enterprises and trades at 15-16x earnings with 30-35% growth, making it cheaper than the S&P with materially higher growth
“celestica trading somewhere in the mid teens 15 16 times earnings with 30 to 35% growth so it's cheaper than the S&P”
90d +46.6% · 180d +184.7% · 1y +212.8%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
DAL
owns
Wealthion · video
Delta's five-pronged revenue model — 34-zone cabin segmentation, cargo, third-party aircraft servicing, Amex co-brand fees, and an owned oil refinery as a jet-fuel hedge — produces best-in-class margins and the stock trades at just 6x earnings with a path to…
“Delta you basically buy in the 40s and you sell it up above 65-70, my target I just raised is 80 and I just bought some more down in the 40s”
90d +8.0% · 180d +28.0% · 1y +40.7%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
RETAIL REITS
bearish
Wealthion · video
Strip-mall retail REITs face structural demand destruction as e-commerce reaches 17-18% of total retail sales, making the repurposing challenge insurmountable for most properties
“I won't touch any of the retail REITs because do we really need strip malls with e-commerce now 17 or 18% of total retail sales”
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
PLTR
bearish
Wealthion · video
Palantir's valuation at 200x earnings and 57x sales requires centuries of earnings or revenues to justify, making it untouchable regardless of the AI theme's merit
“you would need 57 years worth of revenues and 200 years worth of earnings to justify that price”
90d -68.6% · 180d -100.0% · 1y -82.1%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
GEV
bullish
Wealthion · video
GE Vernova repurposes jet-engine turbine technology to generate on-site power from natural gas, directly solving the voracious electricity demand of AI data centers without stressing the grid
“instead of mounting the engines on a wing they mount the engines on huge steel brackets and run natural gas through them to spin a turbine that generates electricity on site”
90d +53.1% · 180d +97.4% · 1y +170.0%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
SOFI
bullish
Wealthion · video
SoFi built a fully online bank starting with student loans and is expanding into auto, mortgage, and HELOC products with fiercely loyal customers it has tracked since college, and represents a likely acquisition target for a large bank or Amazon
“they're able to grow over the lifetime with these customers who are fiercely loyal because this was the only company that would loan to them”
90d +24.7% · 180d +131.5% · 1y +43.8%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
BXP
bullish
Wealthion · video
Boston Properties owns only Class A office in the six largest US cities with mid-90s occupancy, demonstrating that the best-in-breed real estate is immune to the office-is-dead narrative
“occupancy is in the mid 90s so for all the hand wringing about commercial real estate is dead not a problem at Boston properties”
90d +8.0% · 180d +17.1% · 1y -18.8%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2025-03-18
ARE
bullish
Wealthion · video
Alexandria Real Estate Equities custom-builds life-science campuses near university clusters for large pharma and biotech tenants who never leave, creating extremely sticky cash flows in a specialized segment
“they custom build campuses for healthcare companies that want to be located near institutions of higher learning and the companies never leave”
90d -25.1% · 180d -10.2% · 1y -47.7%
Forget Recession Talk: Why It’s Time to Buy Stocks! | Adam Johnson
2024-11-16
long HAL / short ENERGY
pair
Wealthion · video
Trump's expanded drilling on federal land increases drilling activity revenue for oil services companies while simultaneously adding supply that lowers oil prices and compresses producer earnings, making services the right way to play the energy theme over…
“don't buy EOG or Chevron...I would bet on service companies like Halliburton”
90d -4.1% · 180d -10.3% · 1y -3.7%
Market Recap: Trump Rally | Deficit Risks | Bullish U.S. Macro | Democratizing Hedge Fund Strategies
2024-11-14
long HAL / short EOG
pair
Wealthion · video
Trump's drill-baby-drill policy will expand oil supply and compress prices, hurting producer earnings (EOG, CVX) while benefiting service companies (HAL) that are paid per well drilled regardless of commodity price
“don't buy an EOG... or Chevron... I would bet on service companies”
90d -4.6% · 180d -8.0% · 1y +4.4%
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-11-14
COIN
bullish
Wealthion · video
BlackRock routes all institutional and individual crypto access through a Coinbase JV, making it the infrastructure backbone of the world's largest asset manager's crypto exposure, amplified by Trump's deregulatory stance toward digital assets
“BlackRock has a joint venture with coinbase such that when any of its clients need access to crypto markets coinbase handles it”
90d -1.4% · 180d -7.9% · 1y +1.9%
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-11-14
DY
bullish
Wealthion · video
Dycom is a pure-play data center construction company that captures the AI infrastructure multiplier—as Nvidia-powered compute expands, companies like DY get paid to physically build the facilities
“a company like dcom tooker Dy just a good old industrial that helps actually build data centers”
90d +2.3% · 180d +5.1% · 1y +57.7%
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-11-14
UTILITY COMPANIES (AI POWER DEMAND)
bullish
Wealthion · video
Data centers running Nvidia chips consume far more electricity than legacy compute, creating a structural demand tailwind for utilities that goes well beyond traditional load growth
“utilities you know are suddenly finding a bid because they're the ones who have to power the data centers”
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-11-14
AVAV
bullish
Wealthion · video
Aero-Vironment makes loitering surveillance drones suited for border security, a spending priority of the incoming Trump administration, and real-world drone utility is being validated daily in the Ukraine conflict
“they make drones that just hover back and forth... one way to protect the wall”
90d -17.9% · 180d -18.4% · 1y +42.6%
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-11-14
CRM
bullish
Wealthion · video
Salesforce is a core AI platform holding because every enterprise must now transform into an AI company, the same adoption cycle that drove universal cloud and e-commerce adoption in prior decades
“I think you need to own like Salesforce”
90d -1.6% · 180d -12.6% · 1y -26.1%
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-11-14
PANW
bullish
Wealthion · video
Palo Alto Networks is a required cybersecurity holding as the AI buildout massively expands enterprise attack surfaces, driving sustained security spend
“paloalto networks for security”
90d -0.2% · 180d -2.6% · 1y +4.1%
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-11-14
JOBY
bullish
Wealthion · video
Joby Aviation is the leading electric air-taxi platform with Delta, Toyota, and South Korea Telecom backing, Air Force testing underway, and a Dubai commercial launch in mid-2025, positioning it as the Uber of short-haul urban air travel at a $5–6 stock price…
“I think Joby is going to be the Uber of the skies”
90d +24.0% · 180d +21.7% · 1y +143.8%
Why Now Is the Time to Go All In on U.S. Markets | Adam Johnson
2024-09-04
SPX
bullish
Wealthion · video
GDP growth, 10-11% earnings growth to $275 EPS, falling inflation, and rate cuts justify a 22x multiple yielding ~6,200 on the S&P 500, roughly 10% above current levels
“22 times earnings of $275 gets us to about 6,200 on the S&P 500 — that's about 10% above where we are now”
90d +9.9% · 180d +6.6% · 1y +19.3%
Bullish! Why Adam Johnson Remains 100% Invested in Stocks
Said again: 2024-09-07 (Wealthion), 2024-11-14 (Wealthion), 2024-11-16 (Wealthion)
2024-09-04
ET
bullish
Wealthion · video
Energy Transfer is the largest US pipeline operator with ~30% of national capacity, yielding 7.5-8% as a rare income replacement as high-yield savings rates fall with Fed cuts
“energy transfer... pays seven and a half, eight percent... largest pipeline operator in the country”
90d +23.3% · 180d +23.8% · 1y +19.2%
Bullish! Why Adam Johnson Remains 100% Invested in Stocks
2024-08-10
SMALL-CAP EQUITIES
bullish
Wealthion · video
Small caps are still well below their 2021 all-time highs while the S&P and NASDAQ have made new highs, and incoming Fed rate cuts both lower their borrowing costs and raise the present value of their future earnings, providing a catch-up runway.
“small caps are still well below their all-time high…there's more room for them to run”
Weekly Recap: Global Market Shock - What You Need To Know
2024-08-06
CLS
bullish
Wealthion · video
Celestica beat earnings estimates and raised guidance but sold off ~20% as collateral damage in the AI trade unwind, leaving an AI platform infrastructure provider — which sources Nvidia chips and builds full AI rack systems — trading at only 13x earnings…
“an AI related company at 13 times earnings that's growing double digits that doesn't make sense that's when you buy”
90d +53.6% · 180d +156.8% · 1y +321.9%
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
2024-08-06
DAL
bullish
Wealthion · video
Delta's earnings disappointment reflects a temporary 3% capacity overhang for one quarter, not structural weakness, while record US airport passenger volumes over the July 4th weekend confirm underlying consumer travel demand is strong
“Delta got clobbered on those earnings it's a one quarter thing...most number of people ever transiting through US airports July 4th weekend”
90d +49.3% · 180d +74.4% · 1y +43.3%
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
Said again: 2024-08-10 (Wealthion)
2024-08-06
UBER
bullish
Wealthion · video
Uber's in-app advertising platform — targeting captive users staring at the ride-tracker screen for 3-5 minutes — can plausibly add ~$2 of incremental EPS within two years, effectively making the stock ~50% cheaper on forward earnings than it currently appears
“Uber's earnings just went up by 50% stock just got cheaper right”
90d +12.9% · 180d +3.7% · 1y +37.5%
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
Said again: 2024-08-10 (Wealthion)
2024-08-06
SEMICONDUCTORS
owns
Wealthion · video
Algorithmic sell programs trigger indiscriminate sector-wide drops in semiconductor stocks on any negative signal, creating buying opportunities in names whose AI-driven secular growth fundamentals remain intact
“on days when my beloved semiconductor stocks are down I'm buying them”
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
Said again: 2024-09-04 (Wealthion)
2024-08-06
BX
bullish
Wealthion · video
Blackstone, the world's largest private equity firm, is still in a post-COVID normalization path and has not yet recovered to where its earnings power justifies
“Great American companies that are normalizing after the craziness of covid that still haven't quite gotten back to where they ought to be”
90d +28.9% · 180d +33.9% · 1y +33.5%
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
Said again: 2024-08-10 (Wealthion)
2024-08-06
SMALL CAPS
bullish
Wealthion · video
Imminent rate cuts lower borrowing costs for capital-dependent small companies and raise the present value of their future earnings via a shrinking discount rate, while small caps remain well below their 2021 all-time highs even as the S&P and Nasdaq make new…
“small caps have suddenly sprung to life on the promise of rate cuts...there's more room for them to run”
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
2024-08-06
CB
bullish
Wealthion · video
Chubb is the largest and highest-quality US insurer yet trades at approximately 11x earnings, making it cheap on a quality-adjusted basis despite recently making a new high
“Chubb the largest and highest quality insurance company here in the US...very cheap at like 11 times earnings”
90d +4.4% · 180d +4.0% · 1y +3.0%
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
Said again: 2024-08-10 (Wealthion)
2024-08-06
DKNG
bullish
Wealthion · video
DraftKings repackages sports betting — a long-established consumer activity — into a far more accessible digital format, fitting a 'new mousetrap' category with a large addressable market and substantial growth runway
“taking something that we've done for a long time bet on sports and packaging it in a different way...I think that's got a lot of upside”
90d +13.7% · 180d +31.9% · 1y +44.6%
Navigating Volatility: Adam Johnson on Inflation, Rate Cuts, and AI Stocks
Said again: 2024-08-10 (Wealthion)
2024-08-05
COIN
bullish
Wealthion · video
Coinbase's 22% opening drop represented forced algorithmic and panic selling exhaustion rather than fundamental deterioration, creating a mean-reversion entry as extreme selling is self-exhausting
“coinbase down 22% are you kidding me”
90d -1.7% · 180d +50.1% · 1y +57.3%
Market Mayhem: What You Need to Know
2024-08-05
NVDA
bullish
Wealthion · video
Nvidia trades at ~22x forward earnings on Adam's $4 EPS estimate, the same multiple as the broad market, yet is doubling its earnings — making it undervalued relative to its growth rate after the panic-driven selloff
“buy the market growing 10% or buy Nvidia for the same valuation and it's doubling its earnings”
90d +35.5% · 180d +16.2% · 1y +77.5%
Market Mayhem: What You Need to Know